Informations et ressources scientifiques
sur le développement des zones arides et semi-arides

Titre : Erfassung von Vegetationsveränderungen in Namibia mit Hilfe von Fernerkundungs-change-detection-Verfahren und unter Berücksichtigung rezenter Niederschlagsereignisse /

Auteur : Vogel, Melanie

Université de soutenance : Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg

Grade : Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades 2005

Résumé
Southern Africa’s semi arid regions are exposed to various alterations. Apart from episodic field fires, savannas are affected by a heavily increase of certain thorn bush species like Acacia mellifera (“bush encroachment”) or the appearance of “deserted” bare patches. Both degradation processes are supposed to be correlated to land use and/or climate change, and lead to a loss of habitats and species richness. As a base for analysis of this processes and the driving factors an accurate detection and quantification of the affected areas is necessary. Within this PhD thesis a remote sensing change detection (CD) technique was developed, which allows the observation of changes over large areas also in areas with restricted access and poor ground information. Based on multispectral, high resolution Landsat (E)TM data the observation of changes over a 20 years period back to the 1980ties was conducted on three study areas with different vegetation types : The dry forests of the Kavango Region (northern Namibia), thornbush savannas in central Namibia, and dwarf shrub savannas of the Nama Karoo (southern Namibia). With the developed CD technique spectral and shape information was used to extract and classify observed changes. For the interpretation of the detected changes long term regional rainfall data from the CRU (Climate Research Unit) and farmers’ data have been analysed. The combination of remote sensing CD results and these data allowed to distinct between spontaneous phenological vegetation reaction on highly variable rainfall, which may pretend or even obscure long term degradation processes. As a result it was shown that the mean degradation factor in the thorn bush savannas of central Namibia was bush encroachment, which affected about 2,8 % of the study site from 1984 to 2003. The amount and the localization of the affected areas corresponded to the results of other studies. In contrast, 0,002 % of the study area, where affected by irreversible vegetation loss in the same time period. For the study site in southern Namibia only two Landsat images from 2001 and 2002 were available. But also for this short time span the CD results served for the detection of degraded farm lands due to the different reaction of sparse annual vegetation to (documented) heavy rainfall events in comparison to intact perennial grass coverage. In northern Namibia from 1991 to 2000 logging of the forest to get agricultural field was identified to be the main changing factor. This result shows the increasing population pressure in the region, since an improved infrastructure facilitates the settlement and land use in the Kavango region. Furthermore, the detection of recent fires scars on the study areas in northern and central Namibia was conducted successfully. The results for the different study sites show the transferability of the developed CD technique to different vegetation coverage. The application to additional study areas within the BIOTA-project will be conducted subsequently

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