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sur le développement des zones arides et semi-arides

Titre : Influencia del tipo de enmienda orgánica, dosis de riego y acolchado de plástico en un cultivo de tomate para industria : dinámica de nutrientes en el sistema suelo-planta, calidad de fruto y producción

Auteur : Barba Corbalan, Eva Maria

Université de soutenance : Universidad de Murcia

Grade : Tesis doctoral 2015

Résumé
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most widely consumed fruit, being Spain the second largest producer of tomatoes in Europe. The quality of tomatoes is mainly determined by appearance, firmness, flavor and nutritional value. After harvest, fruit ripening continues, which may cause a loss of quality, and for this reason, it is very important to determine the optimum ripening time. The management of a sustainable agriculture, involves the application of organic matter to the soil as an alternative to mineral fertilization, this needs a better knowledge of the processes that happen after incorporating the organic fertilizers into the soil. In addition, polyethylene mulch improves early production, weed control, reduce nutrients leaching and it encourages soil temperature and moisture. In arid and semi-arid areas, such as the one in which has been carried out the study, the efficient use of irrigation water is essential. This assay was conducted on three varieties of processing tomato, studying the influence of the application of organic fertilizers, the use of black polyethylene mulches and three different levels of drip irrigation on the soil-plant-fruit system, as a basis for a sustainable management of these agroecosystems. In this trial, we had studied the influence of the crop in soil properties ; the availability of nutrients in the soil solution based on the type of fertilizer ; the nutritional status of the plant, knowing the foliar nutrient content during crop development ; the most important physical and chemical parameters for the characterization of the fruit quality and to define the optimum ripening time. Finally, it was studied the production of the different treatments in three varieties of processing tomato to determine the most influential factors. Based on the results obtained, from the morphological point of view, the soil profile has been altered as a result of the work of cultivation, increasing the nutrient content in all profiles, especially in the Ap horizon, improving its fertility. We can say that the use of organic matter does not mean a deficit of nutrients in the soil solution and, therefore, in the nutrients absorption capacity of the plants, rather the opposite, because that increases the concentration of some macronutrients. The foliar concentration of nutrients is not affected in a significant way, which shows a correct assimilation of the nutrients for the plant, no evidence of nutritional deficit in any treatment. The nutrient content in the tomato fruits (cv. Nautilus), presents optimum values for their development in all of the treatments studied. Concerning the chemical properties, the total soluble solids content and total acidity were lower for superior irrigation levels, showing the maturity index this same trend. The use of organic fertilizers increases the content of total soluble solids and the acidity of the fruit, resulting a high quality fruits, with good organoleptic properties It was found that fruits with higher mass values are those with an optimum level of drip irrigation and a mixture organic fertilizer with peat and manure. The values of the rest of physical properties increased with the irrigation doses and the use of organic matter. For the three CIELAB co-ordinates (L*, a*, and b*) and the chromatic attributes (H*, C*, and S*), the highest values corresponded to the treatment with mixed sheep manure and peat fertilizer, which had an earlier fruit-set. The variety Ercole is the most productive of the three varieties tested. The irrigation level positively impacts the production of processing tomato, in such a way that increases as does the level of irrigation, in both growing seasons. The highest production corresponded, for all irrigation levels, to the treatments with organic matter and polyethylene mulches.

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